What are some secondary causes for PND?

Secondary causes for PND include: obstetric events (e.g. disappointing obstetric complications).

• Very early discharge from hospital (say within 1–2 days).
• Choosing not to breastfeed or experiencing breastfeeding difficulties.
• Unsupportive spouse during pregnancy (e.g. not attending antenatal classes).
• Financial hardships (e.g. low household income or unemployment), or low occupational status.
• Ongoing negative family relationship issues (particularly between the new mum and her own mother).
• More coughs, colds or minor illnesses than usual.
• Infertility issues prior to pregnancy.
• Sexual problems
• Inability to converse fluently in the local language
• Other health problems
• Painful perineum (sore fanny), or Caesarean-section pain.